As you read through these pages, make notes comparing women in Upper Canada and women today. Focus on the following topics.
Marriage and home responsibilities:
Friday, October 29, 2010
Horizons: Canada Moves West - Women in Upper Canada
Read pp 30-32
As you read through these pages, make notes comparing women in Upper Canada and women today. Focus on the following topics.
Marriage and home responsibilities:
Family and children:
Social class:
Work and careers:
As you read through these pages, make notes comparing women in Upper Canada and women today. Focus on the following topics.
Marriage and home responsibilities:
Tuesday, October 26, 2010
Horizons: Canada Moves West - Deadly Journeys - The Underground Railroad
(Quakers frequently assisted fleeing slaves in their travels on the Underground Railroad)
Some of the settlers that came from the American colonies were escaped African or African-American slaves. They settled in Upper Canada and the Maritimes.
To understand why so many escaped Africans and African-Americans came to Canada, it is important to understand the conditions under which the slaves lived.
In the late 1930s, an estimated 100,000 former slaves were still alive in the United States. In the midst of the Great Depression, from 1936 to 1938, more than 2,000 interviews with one-time slaves were conducted forming a unique firsthand record of slave life.
Unchained Memories - No Lies from Citizen Film Inc. on Vimeo.
Harriet Tubman and The Underground Railroad from Title IID - Queens, NYCDOE on Vimeo.
- The Underground Railroad was a network of clandestine routes by which African slaves in the 19th century United States attempted to escape to free states, or as far north as Canada, with the aid of abolitionists.
- It is estimated that at its height between 1810 and 1850, between 30,000 and 100,000 people escaped enslavement via the Underground Railroad
- The escape network was "underground" in the sense of underground resistance
- The Underground Railroad consisted of clandestine routes, transportation, meeting points, safe houses and other havens, and assistance maintained by abolitionist sympathizers.
- Escaped slaves would pass from one waystation to the next, while steadily making their way North.
- The diverse "conductors" on the Railroad counted among their ranks free-born blacks, white abolitionists, former slaves, and Native Americans. Churches and religious denominations played key roles, especially the Society of Friends ('Quakers'), Congregationalists, and Wesleyans, as well as breakaway sects of mainstream denominations such as the Free Methodists and American Baptists.
- The Underground Railroad developed its own jargon, which continued the railway metaphor: people who helped slaves find the railroad were "agents", guides were known as "conductors", hiding places were "stations", escaped slaves were referred to as "passengers" or "cargo", slaves would obtain a "ticket".
- Messages often were encoded so that only those active in the Railroad would fully understand their meanings. For example, the following message, "I have sent via at two o'clock four large and two small hams," clearly indicated that four adults and two children were sent by train from Harrisburg to Philadelphia. However, the addition of the word via indicated that they were not sent on the regular train, but rather via Reading.
- Although it was possible for escaped slaves to live free in many northern states, it was increasingly dangerous after the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. As a result, foreign destinations such as Canada became desirable. The importation of slaves into Upper Canada had been banned in 1793 by Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe, and slavery had been abolished throughout the British Empire in 1833.
- Approximately 30,000 slaves successfully escaped to Canada. Fugitive slaves were a significant presence in the then underpopulated Canadian colonies and formed the basis of the present-day black population throughout Ontario and Nova Scotia.
- Although sometimes the fugitives travelled on real railways, the primary means of transportation were on foot or by wagon.
- The routes taken were indirect to throw off pursuers. The majority of the escapees are believed to have been male field workers less than forty years old; the journey was often too arduous and treacherous for women and children to complete successfully.
- It was relatively common, however, for fugitive bondsmen who had escaped via the Railroad and established livelihoods as free men to purchase their mates, children and other family members out of slavery and then arrange to be reunited with them.
- Because of the risk of discovery, information about routes and safe havens was passed along by word of mouth.
- Southern newspapers of the day often were filled with pages of notices soliciting information about escaped slaves and offering sizable rewards for their capture and return.
- Professional bounty hunters pursued fugitives even as far as Canada.
- Strong, healthy African men in their prime working and reproductive years were highly valuable commodities, and it was common for free blacks to be kidnapped and sold into slavery. Certificates of freedom, signed, notarized statements attesting to the free status of individual blacks, could be easily destroyed and, thus, afforded their owners little protection.
- Estimates vary widely, but at least 20,000 slaves escaped to Canada via the Underground Railroad. This had an important effect on Canadian society.
- The largest group settled in southern Ontario, where a number of African Canadian communities developed, particularly in the triangle between Toronto, Niagara Falls and Windsor, particularly in Toronto where 1,000 refugees settled and in Kent and Essex counties where several rural villages made up largely of ex-slaves were established.
- Important settlements also developed in Nova Scotia and on Vancouver Island, where Governor James Douglas encouraged black immigration due to his opposition to slavery and because he hoped a significant black community would form a bulwark against those who wished to unite the island with the United States.
- Upon arrival in Canada, many fugitives were disappointed. While Canada was free of slavery, discrimination was still common. Many of the new arrivals had great difficulty finding jobs, and open racism was common. However, most refugees remained. Of the 20,000 who emigrated to Upper Canada only 20% returned to the United States.
http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/underground-railroad/
Horizons: Canada Moves West - Deadly Journeys - The Irish Immigrants
Bridget's Black '47 by Dorothy Perkyns. The Dundern Group, Toronto, ON. 2009
pp73-80
It was Bridget who first struggled to her feet from the bench where she had been sitting with her skirt over her face.
"I got some soup for us, from the soup kitchen over at Glenrigg," she said timidly shaking her mother's shoulder. "You must eat, Ma. Then we must pack. You heard what Father O'Sullivan said."
Mary looked up at her daughter, her eyes wild and unfocussed, like those of someone suddenly roused from deep, nightmarish slumber. She let out a long, low wail followed by the single word Rory repeated several times.
"She's so tired and weak from nursing the poor lad she can't think what to do. You'll have to help her all you can. She needs time to grieve, and there isn't time," Daniel said, choking back his own tears as he came in after his heartbreaking task.
Bridget staggered to the table and grasped the pitcher. She poured the unappetising, gray liquid with its meagre selection of vegetables and bits of meat into the pot. While it heated, she spread out the ragged blanket and began to fold their few spare clothes, placing them on it in a neat pile.
She divided the soup between the four of them, making sure that her own serving was smaller than the others as she had already had a little in the kitchen. Daniel and Caitlin silently drank their portions, but Mary still sobbed, her head in her apron. Finally Daniel signalled to take out her flute and whispered, "Play that little folk song Rory and your ma used to dance to together."
At the sound of the first few notes, Mary raised her tear-streaked face, and her sorrowful expression gradually warmed into a sad smile. She said, "Thank you for being such a comfort to me Bridget. Rory always loved that tune. We must now cling on to the happier times we had together and remember what a blessing it was to have such a good little son."
With that she obediently drank the soup Daniel spooned into her mouth, but as soon as she had finished, she sank down again hiding her head. Daniel put his arms around her and half carried her to where Bridget was still piling their few bits of clothing and bedding onto the blanket.
"You'll not get everything into that," Mary said. "We'd best use my old shawl for some of the small things. Any bits of food can be carried in the cooking pot."
Caitlin sobbed loudly during the packing, tears streaming down her small, pale face. Daniel held her close, trying to whisper comforting words. Suddenly she sprang away from him, her eyes wide with terror. Bridget too turned away from helping her mother at the sound of loud, threatening voices some distance away.
Daniel dashed outside to see a dozen soldiers pointing their guns at the family huddled round the door of a house near the end of the village. When the soldiers swung their weapons menacingly, forcing everyone into the road, the mother and grandmother fell forward on their knees, begging to be allowed to stay, but the soldiers merely kicked them aside.
Daniel raced back to his wife and daughters, who now stood at the door of their home, guarding their few possessions. Mary's face was white and her lips were set in a cold straight line as, without a word she handed the larger bundle to Daniel. Bridget seized the smaller bundle with one hand and grabbed Caitlin with her other. Slowly they set off, their backs resolutely set against the growing sounds of pitiful wailing and shrieking from the village.
The smell of burning wood finally made them turn to see several cottages in flames. People frantically scrambling to collect any tools lying around were butted out of the way by soldiers' guns.
Daniel led his family onto the open road. Weary and overcome with grief, they trudged along, as athe sun, which had promised such a bright day, slipped behind the hedge enclosing the field beside their path.
"'Tis no use, " sighed Mary at last, "I can't go a step further." She sank down on the grassy bank beneath the hedge.
"You can't stay there all night," Daniel replied.
"Just give me a minute then."
Bridget and Caitlin sank down too and huddled close to their mother, who was weeping silently. Within seconds the two girls were asleep, worn out with sorrow and hunger. Daniel looked sadly on, longing to rest too, but he turned resolutely away and headed towards the nearest building, a rough stone structure with a slate roof. He took it to be a byre belonging to the farmhouse which stood on the opposite side of a wide yard. It might provide shelter for the night.
As he approached, however, it was not the soft lowing of cattle he heard, but the agonizing moans of human beings. Peeking through a crack in the door, he could see the floor covered with rows of rough straw mattresses. On these lay the wasted figures of men, women and children, some gasping for every breath as if it were their last, while others tossed restlessly and cried out piteously for water.
Daniel realised he had found one of a number of fever hospitals which had sprung up in the area, started by doctors or others anxious to ease suffering, with no thought for their own health and safety. He caught sight of the shadowy figure of a nun gliding between the rows of the sick, stopping from time to time to offer a drink or merely to pray and make the sign of the cross.
"I see you took my advice and left." The familiar voice behind Daniel made him jump, and he turned to face Father O'Sullivan, who continued, "I passed your dear wife and daughters just now. You'll be needing somewhere to stop for the night before you move on towards Dublin."
"I was hoping to stay here," Daniel replied. "I thought it was a cow byre."
"But you can see it is the last place you would wish to be. I've come to administer the last rites to those still able to receive them."
"Where are we to go?" Daniel asked, despair in his voice.
"Tis safest in thein open air. A little say along this road a narrow track leads off to the right between some trees. You can hide there out of the way of the soldiers and the fever. If you light a fire, mind you keep in small. God's blessings go with you." With that he opened the door to the barn and slipped inside.
Mary was awake when Daniel returned to explain what they must do. They roused the girls, and the four of them set off again along the darkened rad until they reached the track, which they followed until they were well hidden by trees. Daniel then veered away through thickly growing hawthorns until they reached a small clearing near a narrow stream.
Here he managed to get a small fire of twigs and leaves burning. Over this Mary boiled water from the stream in which to cook a few of their dwindling stock of vegetables. No one spoke much as they swallowed the watery broth and undercooked carrots and turnips.
As soon as they had eaten, Daniel broke some small branches from one of the trees. He spread these over the lower boughs of another tree to form a roof and propped some leafy branches against it to screen off some of the night breeze. The girls washed the pot in the stream before spreading the old blanket on the ground under the makeshift shelter. The four of them crawled in, huddling together under the blanket, where in spite of grief, hunger and fear of the future, they sank thankfully into the welcome oblivion of sleep.
It was already day light when Bridget opened her eyes to lie quietly gazing at the delicate tracery of twigs and leaves against the blue sky. Her feeling of well-being was all too brief, replaced almost at once by despair at having to face another dreaded day. She rolled over and slid out of their makeshift shelter to hunt for nettles or dandelions. if she boiled them in water she might produce something to trick their stomachs into feeling less empty.
She was rekindling the few embers of last night's fire with dry twigs, when she turned to see her father digging frantically among the clothes in the larger bundle.
"What are you doing?" she asked.
"I just remembered there were three or four good potatoes among all the rotten ones. I shoved them in at the last minute."
As soon as water in the pot began to heat, Daniel sliced potatoes into it, adding the leaves Bridget had gathered. By the time Mary and Caitlin awoke, a strange, green liquid was simmering. Caitlin threatened to throw up if she were forced to eat it, but Daniel insisted they should all finish their servings before they set out.
Life became increasingly hard as time wore on. By day they trudged ever more wearily along the roads, growing weaker as they struggled with constant hunger and worry about finding food. At night they were forced to shelter by the roadside, for they became far to worn out to do more than hunt for a few branches or logs to cover a space in a deep ditch, where they could huddle together and hope for a few hours of the blessed forgetfulness of sleep.
Daniel and Bridget woke first to scavenge for whatever they could find, though this was usually precious little. Once they were lucky enough to buy a few turnips from an old man driving a cart, and once they managed to beg three small fish from a boy who had been poaching perch from a nearby river. Both charged about three times the usual price, but they were so desperate that they handed over their money without argument.
"If we don't pay up, someone else will," Daniel remarked as they hurried back to cook the fish.
The further they went, the more groups of ragged, destitute folk they encountered, all anxious to reach port, where they could board their promised vessels to a better life in lands of prosperity and opportunity.
The suffering of others added to their own sense of hopelessness. It was common to see families hastily digging holes in which to bury the bodies of loved ones. Sometimes corpses were abandoned by the roadside, with no one to perform the last rites or give them a decent burial.
Finally, when it seemed that they had spent their entire lives trudging along endless roads, when they felt unable to drag their feet another step, they reached the edge of the crowded, bustling city of Dublin.
pp 89-96
It was the following afternoon before they were finally allowed onto the ships. As soon as the gangplank was lowered, people surged forward, shoving to get aboard first. Once on deck, the four of them followed the crowd to where a narrow staircase, like a ladder, led steeply down from an open trap door into what at first seemed pitch darkness after the sunshine outside.
When their eyes grew accustomed to the gloom, they discovered that there were rows of rough, wooden bunks along the walls. Already people had laid clame to those near the hatch, so that they were forced to grab whatever they could find near the stern of the ship.
"At least we'll be able to take these tow, one above the other," Daniel said, hoisting his load onto the top bunk.
"it smells terrible in here. Worse than when we had old Matty with us," Caitlin complained.
"And it won't get any better," her mother agreed. "There's no way fresh air can come in, except through that tiny trap door."
"We'll go on deck and watch old Ireland as we sale away," Daniel said, trying to sound cheerful.
"I'm staying right here," Mary declared. "I'll keep an eye on our things. They're letting more folk in already."
To their dismay, group after group of eager passengers, anxiously looking for berths, swarmed into the hold, making it impossible for the four of them to move. When it seemed that every available place had been taken, the ship's mate, a large, red-faced, burly man with a loud, malicious voice came below to check on what was happening. He swung his long stick as he pushed his way in, kicking aside any bags and bundles in his path.
Seeing the four of them, he bellowed threateningly, "What in hell's name d'ye think yer doing with two bunks for four of yous? Yer can make do wi' one."
The flung their bundles from the top bunk to the floor and beckoned a young couple with a small baby to climb up. The wife flushed with embarrassment as they climbed past, and the baby began to yell loudly.
Soon it was impossible to find a single space in a bunk so that the last passengers were forced to huddle on the floor. When it seemed as if every square inch was filled with bodies and their possessions, the swaying of the vessel signalled that they were on their way. There was a mad rush for the hatchway as people hurried to get a final look at Ireland.
Reluctantly, Mary followed Daniel and the girls. By standing on tiptoe among the crowd on deck, they were able to catch a final glimpse of the green fields and rolling hills of their beloved homeland. Many passengers wept openly in this moment of overwhelming sadness at leaving the country they loved.
Suddenly there were loud shouts and cries of Is this all we get? and It's not fit for human consumption! or The rules say we must be fed while we are on board.
The four of them moved over to where the mate and another scowling sailor were handing out ship's biscuit. Bridget and Caitlin watched Daniel and Mary receive their family's allotted ration and looked at it in disgust as they turned to go below.
"It's dry, and it smells mouldy," Mary said.
"It's a good thin we brought some food with us," Daniel said, "though how we'll survive all the way across the Atlantic I don't know."
The first day was just about bearable, for the weather was fine and the sea calm, making it possible for the them to remain out on deck most of the time.
"I'll throw up if I have to stay down there," Caitlin said to Bridget. "It stinks like the old dung heap at home."
Bridget silently agreed, hardly daring to admit to herself that things would surely get worse. She did not have to wait long. That night the wind began to roar like a wild beast causing the ship to pitch and toss violently in every direction. Everyone was ordered below, and the hatch was battened down securely. The lower deck was now so crowded that it was difficult to move at all.
Many began to feel queasy, and the smell of vomit mingled with that of slop pails permeated everything. Mary and Daniel curled across one end of the bunk while Caitlin clung to Bridget at the other. The couple above them tried in vain to silence the baby, who cried incessantly. Passengers moaned as the succumbed not only to sea-sickness but also to fever. After tossing uneasily for hours, Caitlin finally dozed off. Bridget could not settle, even when the storm abated and the baby finally ceased yelling.
A paper-thin line of light was visible along one edge of the hatch when she slid off the bunk. She seized the stinking pail beside the bed, hoping to empty it before Mary and Daniel woke. As her feet touched the floor, her father's hoarse whisper startled her.
"Will ye see if ye can find any water for your ma," he said. "She's been tossing most of the night. Now she seems to be unconscious, and she's burning like the fire of hell."
Bridget peered across to where Mary lay, breathing noisily through her mouth. Her eyes were wide open, but she did not seem to hear or see anything around her.
Paralysing fear gripped Bridget as she stepped over sleeping bodies on her way to the ladder. "Please God," she prayed, remembering Rory, "not mother too!"
To her relief the hatch swung open easily. Having flung the foul contents of the pail overboard, she set about looking for water. Three women were huddled around a steaming kettle over a glowing brazier at the far end of the deck. Bridget approached them timidly in time to see one empty a few tea leaves into the simmering water.
One of the women looked up and smiled when they saw the girl staring. "We thought 'twould be a grand idea to boil us a drop o' tea before the rest o' the world wakes up," she said.
"I only wish we had some too. My mother's sick."
"As soon as it's ready, you must carry your mother a cup. There's nothing like it to make a body feel better. And the awful water they's dishing up on this god-forsaken tub of a ship doesn't taste quite so bad when it's boiled with a few tea leaves."
"I can't pay you, but I can play you a tune."
"Now that would be a real pleasure!" another woman said, "Onything that cheers us up is welcome."
Bridget took out her flute and began to play a lively jig which made the women tap their feet.
"You can stop that hullabaloo and get back where you belong!" The loud threatening voice was that of the mate, who strode into the midst of the group with his heavy stick.
"We meant no harm. Sure a bit o' music helps to lift the spirits," the first woman said.
"There's a time and a place for everything," snarled the mate, "and if I say this is not the time for music, then there will be no music. And get that pot o' tea cleared away. There'll be no cooking either unless I giver permission."
Hastily Bridget tucked her flute away and took the cup of hot tea the woman pushed into her hands whispering, "Swallow this as fast as you can, and I'll put a drop more in for your mother."
She was carefully carrying the cup across the deck when the sound of weeping caused her to turn to see a group of four small children dragging a long bundle, roughly wrapped in a ragged sheet, across the deck. A thin, pale young woman crept behind them, sobbing as though her heart would break.
The mate strode over to them, yelling, "Stop that caterwauling and throw him overboard."
Hastily the little group of children struggled to heave the bundle over the gunwales. At this point, to Bridget's horror, the young mother strode to her husband's body and snatched from it, the tattered sheet before helping her family fling the remains of her husband into the ocean. She then stood for a moment, tears raining unchecked down her cheeks, while she crossed herself, before bundling up the sheet and dashing below followed by her children.
When Bridget finally reached the bottom of the ladder, she met the young couple from the top bunk, both sobbing and red-eyed, the husband clutching a small bundle, which she instinctively knew to be their baby, who must have died in the night. Thoroughly alarmed, she hurried to her own bunk and her worst fears were realised.
Mary now lay quietly in a deep coma, so Bridget offered the cup of cooling tea to her father saying, "I begged this for mother."
"I'm afraid she's past needing tea. You drink it."
The two girls sipped the tea, handing the cup from one to the other. Neither of them spoke as they knelt beside the low bunk where their mother lay gently breathing her last. Her thin, frail body and solemn, pale face were so unlike the rosy plump smiling mother they had always known that the entire situation took on a bizarre dreamlike quality.
They clung to each other until finally Daniel whispered, "She's gone. We must take her on deck."
The nightmare continued as Bridget and Caitlin followed Daniel up the gangway, Mary's body, swathed in her black shawl, in his arms. Gently he lowered her over the side of the ship while the two girls stood watching her slip from their sight.
In stunned silence the three of them clung to each other before going below. Daniel carefully packed Mary's few clothes and then lay down exhausted on the bed. It was not until the sound of his sobbing could be heard that first Caitlin then Bridget also began to weep uncontrollably, tears flowing unheeded down their cheeks.
Irish Potato Famine
Bridget and Caitlin sank down too and huddled close to their mother, who was weeping silently. Within seconds the two girls were asleep, worn out with sorrow and hunger. Daniel looked sadly on, longing to rest too, but he turned resolutely away and headed towards the nearest building, a rough stone structure with a slate roof. He took it to be a byre belonging to the farmhouse which stood on the opposite side of a wide yard. It might provide shelter for the night.
As he approached, however, it was not the soft lowing of cattle he heard, but the agonizing moans of human beings. Peeking through a crack in the door, he could see the floor covered with rows of rough straw mattresses. On these lay the wasted figures of men, women and children, some gasping for every breath as if it were their last, while others tossed restlessly and cried out piteously for water.
Daniel realised he had found one of a number of fever hospitals which had sprung up in the area, started by doctors or others anxious to ease suffering, with no thought for their own health and safety. He caught sight of the shadowy figure of a nun gliding between the rows of the sick, stopping from time to time to offer a drink or merely to pray and make the sign of the cross.
"I see you took my advice and left." The familiar voice behind Daniel made him jump, and he turned to face Father O'Sullivan, who continued, "I passed your dear wife and daughters just now. You'll be needing somewhere to stop for the night before you move on towards Dublin."
"I was hoping to stay here," Daniel replied. "I thought it was a cow byre."
"But you can see it is the last place you would wish to be. I've come to administer the last rites to those still able to receive them."
"Where are we to go?" Daniel asked, despair in his voice.
"Tis safest in thein open air. A little say along this road a narrow track leads off to the right between some trees. You can hide there out of the way of the soldiers and the fever. If you light a fire, mind you keep in small. God's blessings go with you." With that he opened the door to the barn and slipped inside.
Mary was awake when Daniel returned to explain what they must do. They roused the girls, and the four of them set off again along the darkened rad until they reached the track, which they followed until they were well hidden by trees. Daniel then veered away through thickly growing hawthorns until they reached a small clearing near a narrow stream.
Here he managed to get a small fire of twigs and leaves burning. Over this Mary boiled water from the stream in which to cook a few of their dwindling stock of vegetables. No one spoke much as they swallowed the watery broth and undercooked carrots and turnips.
As soon as they had eaten, Daniel broke some small branches from one of the trees. He spread these over the lower boughs of another tree to form a roof and propped some leafy branches against it to screen off some of the night breeze. The girls washed the pot in the stream before spreading the old blanket on the ground under the makeshift shelter. The four of them crawled in, huddling together under the blanket, where in spite of grief, hunger and fear of the future, they sank thankfully into the welcome oblivion of sleep.
It was already day light when Bridget opened her eyes to lie quietly gazing at the delicate tracery of twigs and leaves against the blue sky. Her feeling of well-being was all too brief, replaced almost at once by despair at having to face another dreaded day. She rolled over and slid out of their makeshift shelter to hunt for nettles or dandelions. if she boiled them in water she might produce something to trick their stomachs into feeling less empty.
She was rekindling the few embers of last night's fire with dry twigs, when she turned to see her father digging frantically among the clothes in the larger bundle.
"What are you doing?" she asked.
"I just remembered there were three or four good potatoes among all the rotten ones. I shoved them in at the last minute."
As soon as water in the pot began to heat, Daniel sliced potatoes into it, adding the leaves Bridget had gathered. By the time Mary and Caitlin awoke, a strange, green liquid was simmering. Caitlin threatened to throw up if she were forced to eat it, but Daniel insisted they should all finish their servings before they set out.
Life became increasingly hard as time wore on. By day they trudged ever more wearily along the roads, growing weaker as they struggled with constant hunger and worry about finding food. At night they were forced to shelter by the roadside, for they became far to worn out to do more than hunt for a few branches or logs to cover a space in a deep ditch, where they could huddle together and hope for a few hours of the blessed forgetfulness of sleep.
Daniel and Bridget woke first to scavenge for whatever they could find, though this was usually precious little. Once they were lucky enough to buy a few turnips from an old man driving a cart, and once they managed to beg three small fish from a boy who had been poaching perch from a nearby river. Both charged about three times the usual price, but they were so desperate that they handed over their money without argument.
"If we don't pay up, someone else will," Daniel remarked as they hurried back to cook the fish.
The further they went, the more groups of ragged, destitute folk they encountered, all anxious to reach port, where they could board their promised vessels to a better life in lands of prosperity and opportunity.
The suffering of others added to their own sense of hopelessness. It was common to see families hastily digging holes in which to bury the bodies of loved ones. Sometimes corpses were abandoned by the roadside, with no one to perform the last rites or give them a decent burial.
Finally, when it seemed that they had spent their entire lives trudging along endless roads, when they felt unable to drag their feet another step, they reached the edge of the crowded, bustling city of Dublin.
pp 89-96
It was the following afternoon before they were finally allowed onto the ships. As soon as the gangplank was lowered, people surged forward, shoving to get aboard first. Once on deck, the four of them followed the crowd to where a narrow staircase, like a ladder, led steeply down from an open trap door into what at first seemed pitch darkness after the sunshine outside.
When their eyes grew accustomed to the gloom, they discovered that there were rows of rough, wooden bunks along the walls. Already people had laid clame to those near the hatch, so that they were forced to grab whatever they could find near the stern of the ship.
"At least we'll be able to take these tow, one above the other," Daniel said, hoisting his load onto the top bunk.
"it smells terrible in here. Worse than when we had old Matty with us," Caitlin complained.
"And it won't get any better," her mother agreed. "There's no way fresh air can come in, except through that tiny trap door."
"We'll go on deck and watch old Ireland as we sale away," Daniel said, trying to sound cheerful.
"I'm staying right here," Mary declared. "I'll keep an eye on our things. They're letting more folk in already."
To their dismay, group after group of eager passengers, anxiously looking for berths, swarmed into the hold, making it impossible for the four of them to move. When it seemed that every available place had been taken, the ship's mate, a large, red-faced, burly man with a loud, malicious voice came below to check on what was happening. He swung his long stick as he pushed his way in, kicking aside any bags and bundles in his path.
Seeing the four of them, he bellowed threateningly, "What in hell's name d'ye think yer doing with two bunks for four of yous? Yer can make do wi' one."
The flung their bundles from the top bunk to the floor and beckoned a young couple with a small baby to climb up. The wife flushed with embarrassment as they climbed past, and the baby began to yell loudly.
Soon it was impossible to find a single space in a bunk so that the last passengers were forced to huddle on the floor. When it seemed as if every square inch was filled with bodies and their possessions, the swaying of the vessel signalled that they were on their way. There was a mad rush for the hatchway as people hurried to get a final look at Ireland.
Reluctantly, Mary followed Daniel and the girls. By standing on tiptoe among the crowd on deck, they were able to catch a final glimpse of the green fields and rolling hills of their beloved homeland. Many passengers wept openly in this moment of overwhelming sadness at leaving the country they loved.
Suddenly there were loud shouts and cries of Is this all we get? and It's not fit for human consumption! or The rules say we must be fed while we are on board.
The four of them moved over to where the mate and another scowling sailor were handing out ship's biscuit. Bridget and Caitlin watched Daniel and Mary receive their family's allotted ration and looked at it in disgust as they turned to go below.
"It's dry, and it smells mouldy," Mary said.
"It's a good thin we brought some food with us," Daniel said, "though how we'll survive all the way across the Atlantic I don't know."
The first day was just about bearable, for the weather was fine and the sea calm, making it possible for the them to remain out on deck most of the time.
"I'll throw up if I have to stay down there," Caitlin said to Bridget. "It stinks like the old dung heap at home."
Bridget silently agreed, hardly daring to admit to herself that things would surely get worse. She did not have to wait long. That night the wind began to roar like a wild beast causing the ship to pitch and toss violently in every direction. Everyone was ordered below, and the hatch was battened down securely. The lower deck was now so crowded that it was difficult to move at all.
Many began to feel queasy, and the smell of vomit mingled with that of slop pails permeated everything. Mary and Daniel curled across one end of the bunk while Caitlin clung to Bridget at the other. The couple above them tried in vain to silence the baby, who cried incessantly. Passengers moaned as the succumbed not only to sea-sickness but also to fever. After tossing uneasily for hours, Caitlin finally dozed off. Bridget could not settle, even when the storm abated and the baby finally ceased yelling.
A paper-thin line of light was visible along one edge of the hatch when she slid off the bunk. She seized the stinking pail beside the bed, hoping to empty it before Mary and Daniel woke. As her feet touched the floor, her father's hoarse whisper startled her.
"Will ye see if ye can find any water for your ma," he said. "She's been tossing most of the night. Now she seems to be unconscious, and she's burning like the fire of hell."
Bridget peered across to where Mary lay, breathing noisily through her mouth. Her eyes were wide open, but she did not seem to hear or see anything around her.
Paralysing fear gripped Bridget as she stepped over sleeping bodies on her way to the ladder. "Please God," she prayed, remembering Rory, "not mother too!"
To her relief the hatch swung open easily. Having flung the foul contents of the pail overboard, she set about looking for water. Three women were huddled around a steaming kettle over a glowing brazier at the far end of the deck. Bridget approached them timidly in time to see one empty a few tea leaves into the simmering water.
One of the women looked up and smiled when they saw the girl staring. "We thought 'twould be a grand idea to boil us a drop o' tea before the rest o' the world wakes up," she said.
"I only wish we had some too. My mother's sick."
"As soon as it's ready, you must carry your mother a cup. There's nothing like it to make a body feel better. And the awful water they's dishing up on this god-forsaken tub of a ship doesn't taste quite so bad when it's boiled with a few tea leaves."
"I can't pay you, but I can play you a tune."
"Now that would be a real pleasure!" another woman said, "Onything that cheers us up is welcome."
Bridget took out her flute and began to play a lively jig which made the women tap their feet.
"You can stop that hullabaloo and get back where you belong!" The loud threatening voice was that of the mate, who strode into the midst of the group with his heavy stick.
"We meant no harm. Sure a bit o' music helps to lift the spirits," the first woman said.
"There's a time and a place for everything," snarled the mate, "and if I say this is not the time for music, then there will be no music. And get that pot o' tea cleared away. There'll be no cooking either unless I giver permission."
Hastily Bridget tucked her flute away and took the cup of hot tea the woman pushed into her hands whispering, "Swallow this as fast as you can, and I'll put a drop more in for your mother."
She was carefully carrying the cup across the deck when the sound of weeping caused her to turn to see a group of four small children dragging a long bundle, roughly wrapped in a ragged sheet, across the deck. A thin, pale young woman crept behind them, sobbing as though her heart would break.
The mate strode over to them, yelling, "Stop that caterwauling and throw him overboard."
Hastily the little group of children struggled to heave the bundle over the gunwales. At this point, to Bridget's horror, the young mother strode to her husband's body and snatched from it, the tattered sheet before helping her family fling the remains of her husband into the ocean. She then stood for a moment, tears raining unchecked down her cheeks, while she crossed herself, before bundling up the sheet and dashing below followed by her children.
When Bridget finally reached the bottom of the ladder, she met the young couple from the top bunk, both sobbing and red-eyed, the husband clutching a small bundle, which she instinctively knew to be their baby, who must have died in the night. Thoroughly alarmed, she hurried to her own bunk and her worst fears were realised.
Mary now lay quietly in a deep coma, so Bridget offered the cup of cooling tea to her father saying, "I begged this for mother."
"I'm afraid she's past needing tea. You drink it."
The two girls sipped the tea, handing the cup from one to the other. Neither of them spoke as they knelt beside the low bunk where their mother lay gently breathing her last. Her thin, frail body and solemn, pale face were so unlike the rosy plump smiling mother they had always known that the entire situation took on a bizarre dreamlike quality.
They clung to each other until finally Daniel whispered, "She's gone. We must take her on deck."
The nightmare continued as Bridget and Caitlin followed Daniel up the gangway, Mary's body, swathed in her black shawl, in his arms. Gently he lowered her over the side of the ship while the two girls stood watching her slip from their sight.
In stunned silence the three of them clung to each other before going below. Daniel carefully packed Mary's few clothes and then lay down exhausted on the bed. It was not until the sound of his sobbing could be heard that first Caitlin then Bridget also began to weep uncontrollably, tears flowing unheeded down their cheeks.
Irish Potato Famine
Horizons: Canada Moves West - pp 16-22
pp 16-17, 19-22
Questions:
- Describe what Upper Canada looked like in the 1820s. There were few roads - just tracks through the bush. The forest was dense with giant oak, walnut, ash, hickory, and maple trees. It was a wilderness that was slow and difficult to clear. It was very quiet - the loudest sounds were that of the blacksmith, the animals, or the steam-powered saw.
- In European countries, social class was very important. Why did the social class structure break down amongst most of the population in early Canada? All people relied on their neighbours. They visited more and helped each other more. Even settlers who had been upper class or middle upper class had to do most of the heavy labour themselves. Cheap, good, and reliable help was almost impossible to find. This levelled the playing field a good deal when it came to social class.
- How were early immigrants ‘duped’ or fooled when it came to land? British and other European settlers were led to believe that there was a great quantity of good land available, however when they arrived in Canada they discovered that land speculators such as the members of the Family Compact had snatched up the best land in order to hold it to make a profit later.
- What were crown and clergy reserves? What kinds of problems did they cause? The crown and clergy reserves were tracts of land set aside for the government or the Anglican church that they could lease out to make money for either the government or the church. These pieces of land were scattered throughout the townships and were not cleared. These reserves blocked road development and caused a great deal of irritation to the farmers who had to wind their way around the reserves to get where they were going. Also, by holding some of the best land, the government and the church caused the price of land to rise.
- How did the British government make the land issue worse? The British government believed that aristocrats were the best people to rule Canada - in other words, the Family Compact. Britain was afraid that if the 'common' people were to rule, they would bring in 'republican' ideas from the United States. By giving the Family Compact power, it allowed land speculation to continue.
- What was the Canada Company? What did they purchase from the government and what were the terms? The Canada Company was a land company with Family Compact connections that bought 1 million hectares of land (more than 3 times the size of Vancouver Island) from the government for 295,000 pounds to be paid over 16 years. The Canada Company was also responsible for attracting settlers. This allowed land speculators like the Canada Company to double their investment in the space of 10 years.
Look at the map of “Viktoria”. You own a clothing store in the Baie Tower. You purchase all your inventory from the wholesaler Baa Baa Black Sheep Wool and Clothing Factory. The churches have put up fences around the clergy reserve and city hall has fenced the crown reserve. What problem do you have? Write a letter to the mayor about your problem. How do you feel about it? What solution do you suggest? Remember, be positive. You catch more flies with honey than with vinegar.
Historical Map of North America
Looking at page 10 in your textbook, label the map of North America with the following:
| Map one | Map two | Map three |
|
| Areas of settlement |
Use colour to identify the different areas.
After you have had these marked and returned to you, keep them in your binder to refer to as we continue to study Canadian history.
Thursday, October 21, 2010
Monday, October 18, 2010
Scared Sacred - Making a Difference
"In the kind of world we have today, transformation of humanity might well be our only real hope for survival." Stanislav Grof
sa·cred (sā′krid) - regarded with the respect or reverence accorded holy things; venerated; hallowed.
trans·for·ma·tion (trănsˌfər-māˈshən) - A marked change, as in appearance or character, usually for the better.
em·pa·thy (em′pə t̸hē) - the projection of one's own personality into the personality of another in order to understand the person better; ability to share in another's emotions, thoughts, or feelings.
You have researched some terrible events in our history. You have also watched the film Scared Sacred which talks about the hope found in some of these terrible events.
According to the film-maker, Velcrow Ripper, places of great pain are sacred spaces. These places are sacred only because the people who have experienced the pain have not given into the fear. By giving into the fear because we are scared does not let us enter the sacred - the transformation that these sacred spaces offer to us. Pain is shared - even personal pain. Humans have empathy for a reason. Pain is not a bad thing. While it is sometimes difficult to face, pain can be transformative. Through pain we find the incentive and desire to change.
By visiting sacred spaces like:
- Ground zero in New York
- Hiroshima Peace Park
- Cambodia's Killing Fields
or by visiting sacred spaces closer to home:
- homeless shelters
- soup kitchens
- hospice
- women's shelters
we face the pain in ourselves and in the world and we transform ourselves and others and make a difference in our world.
I want you to think about what YOU can do. Today, you will hear a few people speak about what they do to make a difference.
We Day
Think about what you can do to make a difference.
- Join one of the many school clubs - Amnesty International, GSA, Green Team, Global Perspectives, etc.
- Serve meals at a soup kitchen.
- Collect cans for the food bank.
- Write letters to your MLA or MP.
- Encourage your family to take a "volunteer" holiday.
- Pick up trash and throw it in the garbage or recycling.
- Choose paper instead of plastic.
- Walk or ride your bike instead of driving.
- Buy clothes at a second hand shop.
- Drop your change in the containers by the cashier.
- Sponsor a child overseas.
- Use rechargeable batteries.
- Walk dogs for the SPCA.
- Raise money for a charity you support.
- Help educate others on what they can do.
- Volunteer for AIDS Vancouver Island.
- Buy slave-free chocolate (not from the Congo or Ivory Coast) or buy Fair Trade items.
- Tell the stores that you want to buy slave-free chocolate or Fair Trade items and would spend your money there if they carried items like that.
- Volunteer at the Global Village Store.
- Make posters, stickers or buttons to inform people about the issue that you want to address.
- Help new immigrants and refugees by volunteering in English classes at the Victoria Intercultural Association.
- Learn about an issue - read a book or a webpage, watch a documentary - then write a letter to the editor.
- Plant a tree (make sure it is a native species).
- Volunteer at a seniors' centre or day care.
- Collect socks, coats, and blankets for the homeless
For more ideas go to http://www.365act.com/
Think you can't make a difference? Craig Keilburger began Free the Children at age 12.
Think you can't make a difference? Craig Keilburger began Free the Children at age 12.
You CAN make a difference.
Write a paragraph in your blog about what things you might like to do. Write a second paragraph with a plan, including dates, for you to take action. This will be due on Monday, October 25th. If you can show me evidence that you followed through with your plan, you will get extra marks.
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